Political and Social Philosophy Essay - 1650 Words

Political and Social Philosophy (Essay Sample) Content: John Stuart Millà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Harm PrincipleNameCourse DetailsDateJohn Stuart Millà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Harm PrincipleThe most viable way of proving the usefulness of any good theory or principle developed by philosophical thinking is to apply it in solving our daily problems. This will help us determine the extent to which the principle accommodates the existing realities in life. Some of these principles and theories include John Stuart Millà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s principle. It is important to examine the principle and its practicality in the contemporary society. However, it is worth noting that Mill did name the principle after himself it was a nomenclature given by his commentators and readers.[Capaldi, Nicholas, and IÃÅ'smail HakkÄ YÄlmaz. 2011.ÂJohn Stuart Mill.] His main idea was to demonstrate the understanding of individualism and utilitarian perspectives in the society, which could help, safeguard human rights. However, it is not the only principle used to safeguar d human rights (Capaldi IÃÅ'smail 2011, 45)John Stuart Mill organised his thoughts and came up with a practical socio-political base and harmonious explanation of the existence of all people in a society. His principle states that for people to coexist peacefully in a society, the limit of freedom, rights and powers of individuals in the society must be clearly defined by actor in a society. It further states that the exercise of liberties applies only when an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s interest is injured.[Ingram, David. 2006.ÂLaw. London [u.a.]: Continuum.] In other words, freedom is achieved when people pursue their own god in their own way as long as the pursuit does not affect others. Therefore, in a broader perspective if an act harms the utilitarian effort of an individual, the society is obligated to intervene (Ingram 2002, 67).This is important for nurturing the sense of responsibility towards other individuals, so as not to interfere with their pursuit of personal goals. The stimulus that instigated Mill to come up with his principle can be attributed to the crisis that existed in Europe during the French revolution and the Napoleonic wars. A lot of pressure was being exerted on the political systems to consider embracing fraternity, liberty and equity among the people. This was the period when the spirit of equal representation and democracy was being spread across the continent with a lot of vigour. The base of the principle is anchored on the advancement of representative governments. Mill discovered that it is significant and necessary to have democratic political systems for the advancement of respect of human rights and freedom .[Veatch, Robert M. 1997.ÂMedical ethics. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.] However, he acknowledged the fact that representation alone could not cure the recurrence of egocentrism among the ruling class. He then developed ways that acted as a driving element in his hate for tyranny of numbers. (Veatch 1997, 89)The principle assumes that the society is a system made up of human beings who are separate entities from each other. These separate entities are social and political animals and are expected to have different opinions from each other. The idea of grouping human beings into a society brings up the issue of social relations. Millerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s principle makes sure that we understand the origin, purpose and nature of the society, through these we become conscious of the place of human rights in the society and their acceptable membership and responsibilities to a particular group within a social system or government . It is this important position of the principle that reveals the strenuous social political relations in a given system. The socio political relations may be either strained or cordial. Mill identifies ethnic domination, unrepresentative socio-political structures and lack of integration as some of the factors responsible for violation of rights in a society. So cial integration can only exist where there is mutual trust and respect for freedom of individuals, this is mostly needed in plural societies.[Chatterjee, Deen K. 2011.ÂEncyclopedia of global justice Vol. 1 Vol. 1. Dordrecht [u.a.]: Springer.] Mill has made many distinctions in his effort to justify his principle. First, he makes a distinction between harming oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s self and harming other individuals. In a second perspective, he brings up a difference in harming oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s interest and harming the same personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s interest when he willingly accepts the consequences.[Capaldi, Nicholas, and IÃÅ'smail HakkÄ YÄlmaz. 2011.ÂJohn Stuart Mill.] In this line of thinking, Mill interprets interests as rights. Nevertheless, he differentiates it from harming oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s interest that is regarded as rights and harming what a person likes which leads to displeasure. The principle also clarifies the forms of social reactions such as social craving among oth er forms. (Capaldi IÃÅ'smail 2011, 90)These distinctions and explanations have left a gap in the area of interference. Mill tries to explain interference by analysing human conduct. All the interpretations that he gives are linked to the utilitarian prism. The principle allows social intervention when interests that are regarded as rights in a utilitarian sense are compromised. There is however, a weakness in the principle because it denies societal intervention when an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s interests are harmed by their own free and voluntary participation. This generates a point of critique because it is difficult to calculate and determine which interests should be considered acceptable to the society to warrant social intervention when harmed. On the other which interests when harmed causes us mere displeasure. Critically social intervention should have some form of utilitarian filter to help determine if an intervention is needed when interests of an individual are jeopard ised.[Veatch, Robert M. 1997.ÂMedical ethics. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.] The principle also emphasizes on harming others without punishment by law but punishment is through opinion. There is also the element of distinction between social coercion and social disapproval. The society is likely to approve some ones behaviour for instance if he has excellent academic background but in another twist he can be disapproved if he loses the academic credibility. This is a spontaneous form of social reaction and cannot be easily predicted. The principle can be summarised using two strands of thinking first, if an action does not violate the rights of others or harms their rights voluntarily the society should not intervene. On the other hand, if an action harms interest that have a utilitarian sense then the society should take action against such behaviours. Evaluation of this line of thinking reveals that there are areas where social interventions are not adequatel y justifiable. The justification of the interventions should be based on a filter but no one can prove if the calculations for intervention are enough to correct unjustified actions against an individual.[Chatterjee, Deen K. 2011.ÂEncyclopedia of global justice Vol. 1 Vol. 1. Dordrecht [u.a.]: Springer.] As far as human rights are concerned, the concept of justice is a scared and binding part of human morality. Therefore, good principles are those that have the best consequences. Justice also brings into action the right of individuals to be treated fairly in every segment of the society. Several competing principles and theories have been designed for the purpose of protection of human rights. It is essential to comprehend the foundations of these principles and their application in the society. It is significant to note that the approaches given to human rights have different strengths and vulnerabilities in dealing with challenges posed by utilitarianism and relativism. Many thinkers have argued that human rights are safeguarded to protect the inherent dignity of an individual. Strong argument have been passed across especially by western liberals that human rights must be linked to the protection and promotion of human dignity these however, does not touch on the interest as seen in Millà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s principle.For example, there are principles that were advanced by Thomas Aquinas in the summa theological. This stated that there exist good behaviours that are naturally accepted by the society because God ordained them. Reason and critical thinking determine actions that are considered right. The extent to which these ideas could safeguard human rights is anchored on divine authorship and God decided what limits should be linked to human political activities. However, the extent to which these principles can safeguard human rights is limited to religion and religious foundations of Christianity alone.[Chatterjee, Deen K. 2011.ÂEncyclopedia of g...

Concepts of Terrorism in Terror in the Mind of God by...

Concepts of Terrorism in Terror in the Mind of God by Juergensmeyer The reason I picked this book is because I have always been curious about terrorism. Truthfully, I really didn’t expect the book to take the stance it did, which focused mainly on the religious implications of what influences people to commits acts of terror. I liked the fact that the book takes new angles in approaching the search for truth, by focusing on case studies and performing interviews with the people who have committed terrorist acts. This is like getting the insiders view of the inner workings and frame of mind people have before, during, and after they have unswervingly performed the acts of violence. In the first chapter, Juergensmeyer states,†¦show more content†¦in the field of political science from U.C. Berkeley with an emphasis on South Asia and comparative politics. He has also taken the liberty to study the following languages, Hindi, Panjabi, Urdu, German, and Latin. Because of this mastery of multiple languages I feel it has provided him an advantage on getting insight on the different cultures he has studied since knows the language. The reason I say this is due to the fact that all languages have different meanings and innuendoes built that none speakers might not pick up. One example of this in the English language is sarcasm. Also, it has always been said that little things get missed through translation, because not all languages translate verbatim with each other. For this book, he elected the help from several sources. He spent a page and a half listing out people such as Ehud Sprinzak (Israel), Zaid Abu-Amr (Hamas movement), Warden David Rardin (prison interviews), and many more to that could be listed. The basic argument that Juergensmeyer makes is that religious terrorism differs from other kinds of terrorism, and does religion plays the justification role in introducing terrorism to the ‘evils’ of the world. At fir st glance, the wealth of information, and sources that are presented, such as the one-on-one interview with Mike Bray and Rev. Paul Hill. Throughout the book he makes different points differentiating between political terrorism and religious terrorism. For instance,Show MoreRelatedReligious Violence On The Mind Of God1240 Words   |  5 Pagespuzzles society. In Juergensmeyer s Terror in the Mind of God, Juergensmeyer states that religion, not the only cause for violence, offers the â€Å"mores and symbols† that make committing violence in the name of religion occur. Examples from his research into violence belonging to each religion allow him to further comprehend motives that spark terrorist into action. 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Pursuing My Dream and Career free essay sample

The question â€Å"want to come help me practice?† is so imbedded in my head that I couldn’t forget it even if I wanted to. My step brother Bobby, used to ask me this question every day after school. Every day I would have the same answer, â€Å"YES!† I said with so much excitement and enthusiasm. My step brother and I would walk out into barn where the big blue and white, shiny, noisy welder was. I stepped into the barn, I could already smell the burning metal. Bobby is a pipe line welder and he loves it. He would always come home with a different story about where he had been and a pocket busting out of the seams with money. I did not want to be a welder for the longest time. I always thought it would be boring and not much fun being away from home so much. We will write a custom essay sample on Pursuing My Dream and Career or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bobby slowly coned his way into talking me into it with all his exciting stories and most of all, his money. I knew this would be a tough career to pursue with all of the traveling and working in the baking hot sun all day. So, I thought I should mentally prepare myself for the long road ahead. Since Bobby started letting me weld with him I tried to have the most positive and great work ethic I could. When it would be so hot outside that you can’t step out the door without breaking a sweat. We would still have positive attitudes towards the crowded, muggy, humid outrageously hot barn. Bobby would sometimes invite some of his welding buddies over to practice with us. They would always give me the motivation to keep going; even though it looked like had just gotten out of the shower because of all the nasty, smelly sweat. One day I overheard someone talking about how terrible being a pipeline welder was. He came up with some pretty good reasons not to be on, like not getting to see your family or waking up at the crack of dawn. Slowly, I walked up to the big scruffy, burley, dirty man still speaking words of disappointment; I asked the man exactly what he thought about welding. He told me in a big deep voice â€Å"welding has its ups and downs just like any other job†. So, I went home and thought about that statement very hard. My mind went back and forth through the details about whether or not I should keep following my goals or just give up. I definitely did not want to give up. I swept the negative comments out of my brain and just kept going on with what I like to do. To this day I have looked into some different interests I have in other careers, but not much has changed. I still have the same mind set towards welding. I do not quit many things and welding will for sure not be one of the m.I plan on hanging onto this career for many years to come. I am ready to overcome whatever obstacles get in my way.

Why was there an economic crisis in Germany in 1923 Essay Example

Why was there an economic crisis in Germany in 1923 Paper There are several causes to the economic crisis in Germany in 1923. The Great War contributed greatly to this, but Germanys problems had begun even before the War had started. In 1914 the German Government decided to come off of the Gold Standard. This was a system in which every bank note had an equivalent sum of gold, kept in the vaults of the German Central Bank. You could go to the bank and would be able to swap your note for gold, although people would normally use the notes to buy things, like an IOU, as it was easier to do this than to use pieces of gold. When the First World War began in 1914, Germany needed more money to pay for food and weapons. The German Government found that the easiest way to obtain more money was to print more notes. This decreased the actual value of the money, as there was more money in circulation. During the War there were food shortages, this meant that there was too few goods to buy for the amount of money that there was in circulation. We can see that inflation occurred, because of the drastic fall in the value of money. In January 1921, there were 64 marks to the dollar, by November 1923; this amount had risen drastically to 4. trillion marks to the dollar! Inflation had been occurring since 1914, so was a long-term cause of the economic crisis. When Germany lost the Great War to the allies, they had to agree with the terms of the treaty of Versailles. One of the terms of this treaty was that Germany had to lose land to France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland and the League of Nations. When losing this land, the German Government lost the tax income from it. The tax income could have helped to pay the reparations of  £6,600 million, which was also a term of the Treaty of Versailles. We will write a custom essay sample on Why was there an economic crisis in Germany in 1923 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why was there an economic crisis in Germany in 1923 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why was there an economic crisis in Germany in 1923 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Reasons for the economic crisis, involving the Treaty of Versailles were short-term causes because they happened quite suddenly, rather than over a long period of time. The land lost contained 14% of arable farmland. It produced food and work for the surrounding area. There was now even less food, making the problem of food shortages even worse. This land also contained 74% of Germanys iron ore, 68% of her zinc ore and 26% of her coal- most of the countrys wealth. Germany could not afford to pay her reparations. This was linked to the invasion of the Ruhr. The Treaty of Versailles also meant that Germany had to reduce its army to 100,000 men. As France no longer felt as strongly under threat by the German army and wanted their reparations paid up, they felt that they could invade the Ruhr. The Ruhr is the most industrialised part of Germany. Poincarre, the French leader, sent in five divisions of French soldiers to acquire the reparations they were owed. A division of Belgian soldiers joined them. They intended to take control of the German factories and mines in this area. All goods produced would be shipped off to France, until the reparations owed to the French were paid. This was a short-term cause to the economic crisis, as it only happened over a matter of days and weeks, unlike inflation, which was occurring for years. Germany could do nothing to stop this. This made Germany very ashamed, especially after losing the War and having to agree with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles as well. The Government ordered passive resistance. The French had no one to work for them as the Ruhr workers were ordered to go on strike. They were ordered to refuse to co-operate with the occupiers. The French then kicked 150,000 German workers out of the Ruhr. They fled as refugees. This produced yet another problem for the already suffering Government and people of Germany. How could they afford to feed, clothe and house the refugees? All their money was already being used to pay reparations, how could they afford this? These problems were solved, but by causing another problem. It seemed that the only way to overcome the problem of the refugees was to print more money. The money in circulation now was growing greatly and the cost of living was increasing. The economic crisis was a vicious circle, by solving one problem they were creating another. It seemed as though it was never going to end. Although there were many causes for the economic crisis, I believe that one made a bigger impact than the others. The Great War, the costs of which were astronomical, both during and after. The War increased the effect of inflation, as the Government printed more notes to try and cope with the problems the War was bringing, therefore decreasing the value and making problems worse. After the War, the Treaty of Versailles produced many difficulties. All of the problems caused by this linked with each other and then back to inflation. The German economic crisis was inevitable because the Government did not know that coming off of the Gold Standard would cause inflation- it was going to happen, they thought it would be better, not worse. They could not have prevented the Treaty of Versailles as they lost the War. They didnt purposely lose the War to cause themselves problems,the problems were inevitable. The economic crisis was waiting to happen, Germany could not have stopped it!

Intergovernmentalism as a Mode of Union Governance essays

Intergovernmentalism as a Mode of Union Governance essays Intergovernmentalism as a Mode of Union Governance II.The Negotiation of the SEA as a Case Study A. Mode of Political process and Style of Governance Part 2: Beyond the Monolithic Government I. Case Study: Negotiating the SEA - The National Level (Germany) c) Ministries, esp. Agriculture, Finance, Economics B. Beyond the Monolithic Government 3. Factors Shaping National Policies Part 3: Intergovernmentalism and Democracy I. Intergovernmentalism and Consociational Democracy II.Accounts, Accountability, Responsibility, Information - A Theoretical A. Ambiguities about Accountability 1. The Psychology of Accountability 3. Neglecting a Long-Run Perspective 6. Simplification of Causality Through Individual Responsibility B. The Importance of Accountability 2. "Practical" Reasons for the Persistence of the Ideal of 3. The "Kantian" Aspect of Responsibility C. The Basis for Accountability: Information IV.Developments and Some Further Thoughts B. The Question of Levels: National European Intergovernmentalism, albeit ringing familiar in theories of integration, has never been a clearly defined concept of political theory. Various writers imply very different things when they talk of intergovernmentalism. In particular, it is unclear whether it relates to 1) institutions ("institutional intergovernmentalism"), to 2) area fields ("functional intergovernmentalism"), or to 3) the Treaty structure (three pillars - "formal intergovernmentalism"). Mostly, scholars and practitioners refer to "intergovernmentalism" in order to describe instances in which the voices of the Member States can clearly be heard on the Community level. Of course, the voices of the Member States can be heard in ways that have only little in common. It almost is a truism to mention the fact that national influence on Community processes is directed through different channels: As suggested by the term itself, "intergovernment...

Motor therapy for children with cerebral palsy (Neurodevelopmental Research Paper

Motor therapy for children with cerebral palsy (Neurodevelopmental Therapy, Hippotheray , Aquatic Therapy) - Research Paper Example There is enormous evidence about the benefits of motor therapy in the management of children with cerebral palsy (Batshaw, 2007). In this research article, the role of motor therapy in cerebral palsy will be discussed through review of suitable literature. Physical therapy plays a main role in managing cerebral palsy and the focus of physical therapy is movement, function and optimal use of the potential of the child. Physical therapies which have found to be effective in cerebral palsy are neurodevelopmental therapy, conductive education, strength training, postural control, constrained-induced movement therapy, hydrotherapy, passive stretching, orthotic devices and hippotherapy. Through these treatments, promotion, maintenance and restoration of the psychological, physical and social-well being of the child is achieved. Which form of motor treatment is effective is difficult to ascertain owing to lack of high-quality research. The goal of management in individuals with cerebral pal sy is not to achieve normalcy or not to cure but to increase the functionality of the patient, improve the capabilities of the patient and sustain health of the child in terms of cognitive development, locomotion, social interaction and independence. Early intensive management yields best results. The most common treatment strategy is neurodevelopmental treatment or NBT like the Bobath method (Batshaw, 2007). In this treatment, specific handling techniques are employed to control muscle tone, abnormal patterns of movement, control of posture, perception, sensation and memory. However, there is not much evidence to ascertain the role of NBT in changing abnormal motoric responses, prevention of contractures and facilitation of functional motor activities. In the Bobath method, after precise determination of the motor tasks of the child and after establishing the goals of NDT by the therapist, a structured program will be set for the child. The program consists of stretching of the leg s, followed by techniques to decrease spasticity inorder to facilitate normal patterns of movements. Functional motor activities involved in the program are sitting, walking and standing up from sitting. The motor functions are practiced in a random order in several environments through augmented feedback that matches various stages of the learner (Bar-Haim et al, 2010). The goals of NDT are to normalize the tone and improve the control of movement during various functional activities. Recently, another method of therapy, known as the constraint-induced therapy has been introduced which involves the more functional arm or hand to force use of the less functional upper extremity. (Batshaw et al, 2007). In the study by Antilla et al (2008), the researchers assessed the effectiveness of various forms of physical therapy interventions on various aspects of functioning in children with cerebral palsy. The study was a systematic review which reviewed 22 trials of which four were high meth odological quality studies. Based on these studies, the authors opined that there was moderate evidence to ascertain effectiveness in upper extremity training. Retarekar et al (2009) evaluated the benefits of aquatic aerobic exercise for cerebral palsy. the intervention was administered 3 times a week

International operation and competition study of GlaxoSmithKline plc Essay

International operation and competition study of GlaxoSmithKline plc - Essay Example It is critical to increase the accessibility of the different pharmaceuticals and medicinal drugs manufactured by various countries across the world. Therefore, the international marketing processes followed by the companies in the global pharmaceutical industry and the analysis of the pharmaceutical industry are important aspects of the pharmaceutical industry landscape across the globe. The commercial success of the pharmaceutical company depends on reaching more number of customers and ensuring innovation of new medicines and other pharmaceuticals. Therefore the international marketing process of this giant company in the pharmaceutical industry is an interesting and challenging topic for studying. The aim of the study is to evaluate and assess the competitive and operating situations of GlaxoSmithKline plc. This study includes identifying and analysing the various challenges faced by the pharmaceutical company in its international marketing and operational processes. The different types of barriers and opportunities in the external environment of the company and the potentials and capabilities of the company are studied. Also, the various strategies followed by GlaxoSmithKline plc. to increase a diversified business across the world and to maintain sustainable competitive advantage in the changing global scenario are identified and analysed. The report is prepared with the aim to understand the international competitiveness and the global challenges and opportunities in the marketing processes of GlaxoSmithKline plc. Therefore the analysis of the macro environmental factors and the competition levels is done by the use of various popular tools like Michael Porter’s five forces, PESTEL analysis and Porter’s Generic Strategy. These tools have been implemented to understand the global competitive levels in the pharmaceutical industry and the impacts of these factors